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52 | Frac Sand Insider May 2015 www.rockproducts.com Geology Adams, J.E., 1965, Stratigraphic-tectonic development of Dela- ware Basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bul- letin, v. 49, p. 2140-2148. American Petroleum Institute, American National Standards Insti- tute, and International Organization for Standardization, 2008, Measurement of properties of proppants used in hydraulic frac- turing and gravel-packing operations, ISO 13503; Petroleum and natural industries--Completion fuids and materials, (frst ed.): Washington, DC, API Publishing Services, 30 p. Arizona Geology, 2012, Arizona frac sand production increasing, http://arizonageology.blogspot.com/2012/12/arizona-frac- sand-production-increasing.html (accessed 04-08-14). Baker, A.A., and Reeside, J.B., Jr., 1929, Correlation of the Permian of southern Utah, northern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 13, no. 11, p. 1413–1448. Barnes, D.A., Harrison, W.B., III, and Shaw, T.H., 1996, Lower-Mid- dle Ordovician lithofacies and interregional correlation, Michigan Basin, U.S.A., in Witzke, B.J., Ludvigson, G.A., and Day, J., eds., Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy—Views from the North American Craton: Geological Society of America Special Paper 306, p. 35–54. Barnes, V.E., and Bell, W.C., 1977, The Moore Hollow Group of central Texas: University of Texas, Austin, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations 88, 169 p. Beckwith, Robin, 2011, Proppants: Where in the World: Journal of Petroleum Technology, April 2011, p. 36–41. Blakey, R.C., 1974, Stratigraphic and depositional analysis of the Moenkopi Formation, southeastern Utah: Utah Geological and Mineral Survey Bulletin 104, 81 p. Bray, E.L., 2014, Bauxite and alumina: U.S. Geological Survey Min- eral Commodity Summaries, p. 26–27. Brown, B.A., 2014, Hydrofrac sand in Wisconsin: Wisconsin Geo- logical and Natural History Survey, http://monroe.uwex.edu/ fles/2012/02/Frac_sand_in_Wisconsin1.pdf, 01-30-14. Buchsbaum, Lee, 2013, The future of fracking—Management in action, http://www.miningmagazine.com/management-in-ac- tion/the-future-of-fracking, 07-10-14. Buttram, Frank, 1913, The glass sands of Oklahoma: Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin 10, 91 p. Catacosinos, P.A., 1973, Cambrian lithostratigraphy of the Michigan Future Outlook for the Demand for Frac Sand and Alternative Proppants As unconventional oil and gas production is expected to play a major role in meeting the global demand for energy, a greater demand for frac sand and manufactured proppants is anticipated (Snyder, 2013). Projections of growth in the energy market have resulted in the following predictions of market demand for frac sand. According to The Freedonia Group, a Cleveland-based market research frm, the North American frac sand market is estimated to increase as much as 8.9 percent each year through 2016 to 34.4 million metric tons (Mt), valued at $2.2 billion. They project that, by 2016, the U.S. will continue to lead the world in frac sand consumption using 75 percent of the market supply; while Canada will be second in volume consuming 8 percent of the market supply (Rock Products, 2014b). The Freedonia Group predicts that continued demand for proppants into 2017 will result in an increase of more than 11 per- cent per year, reaching a sum of 57.1 billion lb. (28.5 million tons), with a market value of $6.1 billion (Steinbock, 2014). On the global front, The Freedonia Group reports that Russia and China are developing frac sand markets with their expansion of hydraulic fracturing; however, they tend to rely more on ceramic proppants, curtailing their participation in the frac sand market (Rock Products, 2014b). We wish to acknowledge the following U.S. Geological Sur- vey (USGS) team members who contributed their ideas, effort, and expertise to this project: Rob Robinson, Rhonda Driscoll, Bill Heran, John Horton, Bruce Smith, Lisa Rukstales, Tom Dolley, Don Bleiwas, and Chris Potter. We appreciate the thoughtful review of this manuscript by Don Bleiwas, Bill Langer, and Tom Judkins, all of the USGS. We recognize Kate Golden of Wis- consin Watch Organization and Ted Auch of Frac Tracker.org for generously sharing their data and suggestions with us, advanc- ing our progress on the frac sand digital geology map. We also appreciate the revised digital geology map provided by Robert McKay of the Iowa Geologic Survey. Any use of trade, product, or frm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Acknowledgments References